Soil and plant microbial communities have a mutualistic relationship where they provide what the other needs to thrive. There are many factors that can influence this relationship, such as soil structure, composition, and humidity, but soil pH has one of the most profound impacts on the growth and survival of plants and microbes.
When we measure pH, we’re actually measuring the local concentration of protons (hydrogen ions, known as H+). When there are too many H+ ions, the soil is acidic, resulting in a low pH. When the proton concentration is low (or a scarcity of H+ ions), the soil is alkaline (or basic) and has a high pH. Soil chemistry largely determines which microbial communities can get established in the soil.
Soil microbes are just as much affected by high pH as they are by low pH. When soil pH is in a neutral range (6.0-7.5, which is close to the pH of water), plants are more easily able to uptake the nutrients they need. For that reason, this is generally their optimal range. However, there are some plants such as blueberries or Rhododendron, that favor a more acidic soils. Not all microbes necessarily favor a neutral pH – fungi actually prefer soils with a lower pH. As acidic soils reduce the availability of certain nutrients, fungi are able to increase access to those limited nutrients for the plant to uptake. Still, challenges can arise for microbial communities when the soil pH deviates from its optimal range. While soil pH will naturally lower in time due to geochemical and metabolic processes, the soil pH can decrease rapidly with the input of certain fertilizers.
For example, when ammonium-based fertilizers are applied to the soil, bacteria use oxygen to convert the ammonium nitrogen (NH4+) to nitrate (NO3–), a more plant-usable form, and H+ ions, through a process called nitrification. Bacteria do this to obtain energy. If a plant needs some potassium, it will exchange one of its positive hydrogen (H+) ions for a potassium cation (K+) in the soil. This exchange helps maintain electrical balance through a natural process called cation exchange. However, this balance can be thrown off by over-application of fertilizers. As plants take up certain nutrients, it leaves a deficit of other nutrients, which can cause a decrease in pH levels.
If more fertilizer is continuously applied, more H+ ions are released, which can cause an imbalance in the soil and lead to soil acidification. The increased amount of H+ ions will directly affect the functionality and structure of the soil microbial communities. A low soil pH can disrupt plant cell membranes – altering enzyme production and limiting cell reproduction. Enzyme production and activity work best in more neutral pH ranges. As well, low soil pH can limit the exchange signals between root bacteria (rhizobia) and plants, which reduces root nodule formation, and alters the symbiosis that allows plants to fix nitrogen.
Overall, maintaining a balanced soil pH is crucial for ensuring nutrient availability and more importantly, microbial diversity in your soil. As deviations in pH can disrupt essential processes like nutrient uptake, enzyme activity, and the communication and functioning of symbiotic relationships between plants and soil microbes.
Can Grow Crop Solutions, a company focused on providing market-leading fluid solutions and service, has been incorporating microBIOMTER® into their business with positive results. Shawn Brenneman, Director of Commercial Growth & Strategy at Can Grow, shared a bit about their company and the testing they are performing.
Vibrant, diversified soil biology is essential in growing crops for maximum yield and quality, Can Grow works with farmers on getting the most out of their cropping systems. They do this through increasing nutrient use efficiency, reducing crop stress, and helping soil/biological systems function at higher levels. Utilizing microBIOMETER® allows their customers to have a greater understanding of how soil type and management practices impact soil biology and advise them on potential solutions to improve performance.
The microBIOMETER® helps Can Grow and their customers determine a baseline of organisms within an entire field or production area that may be high or low yielding. It allows the company to track the improvements their solutions make on the balance and diversity of micro-organisms in the soil. Microbial systems are often hard for growers to understand because they can’t be seen. microBIOMETER® creates a clear picture by quantifying which solutions work in supporting soil health and which ones do not.
In a bio-fertility trial, ReNew (bacteria/fungi team from Biodyne USA) was applied in furrow with water to corn, Can Grow then evaluated the microbial diversity in the root system of the microbial treated area vs. the non-treated area. The untreated soil had a F: B ratio of fungi 4% and bacteria 96%. This level was much lower than what they wanted for yield optimization. However, it was consistent with what they generally see in tilled, high crop protection use fields. The ReNew treated area had a F:B ratio of fungi 29% and bacteria 71% showing the biology was colonizing the root zone area and providing fertility benefits to the crop.
About Can Grow: The company is much more than a fluid fertilizer company. They have a long, successful history of innovating, adapting and manufacturing fluid solutions to maximize plant potential and soil performance. As a manufacturer, they have the technology and knowledge to innovate and adapt proven fluid solutions to meet changing needs in any market. They assist their clients in addressing factors beyond their control, such as changing environmental conditions, through foliar combinations for application throughout the season.
Find out more at: www.cangrow.com
Can Grow Crop Solutions, a company focused on providing market-leading fluid solutions and service, has been incorporating microBIOMTER® into their business with positive results. Shawn Brenneman, Director of Commercial Growth & Strategy at Can Grow, shared a bit about their company and the testing they are performing.
Anelia Marais a research technician at the Department of Agriculture in the Western Cape performed a study evaluating microBIOMETER® and other soil health indicators in three different soils of the Western Cape Province.
There is growing concern about degradation of the health and quality of soil, due to, amongst other things, climate change and increasing pressure on farmers to produce more food. In order to monitor something, it must be measured.
Amanda Foxon-Hill, a chemist by trade, is working with Mid Lachlan Landcare in the region of NSW, Australia. Mid Lachlan Landcare is a community organization committed to the regeneration of land. Their work includes Regenerative Agriculture, Box Gum Woodland Conservation, Superb Parrot Habitat, Community Gardens, Education & more. Cowra is the main town in their Landcare region which consists of various soil profiles. It is rich in farming land with cropping and grazing.
Amanda designed and performed a soil research project funded by the BCT (Biodiversity Conservation Trust). She took soil samples from farms, conservations and public land across the region to map their soil microbiome. Her goal was to see if she could establish a ’normal’ or ’typical’ range of microbes for each type of landscape and soil.
Amanda looked at grazed vs ungrazed land, mono-cropping vs mixed pasture etc. but that was really secondary to the soil geology and microbe link as there was a short window to complete this round of tests and farm management decisions such as what crop to grow, for instance, requires testing over multiple time points.
As part of the project, Amanda trialed microBIOMETER®. Microbes are essential for soil fertility and almost all plants work cooperatively with microbes to access the nutrients they need to thrive. The relationship between plants and microbes is dynamic; changing with the season, how the land is managed, plant species and life-stage, climate and the soil structure and composition.
“Overall, we feel this project has successfully delivered insights into how the Mid Lachlan region’s soils microbiome functions with respect to landscape features and management decisions although it’s clear there’s still a lot more work to do. Also, after putting the microBIOMETER® through its paces we believe it’s a useful tool for those looking to gain a deeper understanding of their soil. Our advice would be to use the microBIOMETER® or similar microbiology assessment tool/ protocol alongside your existing soil testing tools, at regular intervals to monitor the effect management decisions have on the soil microbiota over time.”
Amanda Foxon-Hill, a chemist by trade, is working with Mid Lachlan Landcare in the region of NSW, Australia. Mid Lachlan Landcare is a community organization committed to the regeneration of land. Their work includes Regenerative Agriculture, Box Gum Woodland Conservation, Superb Parrot Habitat, Community Gardens, Education & more.
Ithaca Central High School science teacher Robert Tuori is conducting a study to examine short term changes in soil health at Nook And Cranny Farm, a diverse vegetable farm, as an independent research project for the USDA Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Fellows.
Utilizing both the microBIOMETER® and Cornell Soil Health Assessment, Robert and students will compare tilled vs non-tilled soil in 4 crop beds, each containing either brassica or cucurbit, and flipping crops midseason.
Welcome to the Becker Elementary School Garden, where every student has their own special space to grow delicious vegetables, herbs, and edible plants for themselves and their families!
With the help of microBIOMETER®’s cutting-edge technology, students are exploring the amazing world of living soil and its secret inhabitants – microorganisms!
These tiny superheroes work together to create a thriving ecosystem, breaking down nutrients and making them available to plants. In the Becker Green Classroom, students are diving deeper into microbiology with miniature microscopes, examining soil, pond water, and compost up close to discover the diverse community of microorganisms living beneath our feet.
“With microBIOMETER®, we can easily test and analyze our garden soils. By making soil science fun and accessible, we’re empowering our students to become the next generation of environmental stewards, conscious of the microscopic world that shapes our planet’s health. Join us on this exciting journey, as we cultivate a love for learning, sustainability, and the incredible world of soil microbiology!”
Ithaca Central High School science teacher Robert Tuori is conducting a study to examine short term changes in soil health at Nook And Cranny Farm, a diverse vegetable farm, as an independent research project for the USDA Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Fellows.
Utilizing both the microBIOMETER® and Cornell Soil Health Assessment, Robert and students will compare tilled vs non-tilled soil in 4 crop beds, each containing either brassica or cucurbit, and flipping crops midseason. The beds were covered in October of last year with a cocktail of winter rye, vetch, and triticale. These cover crops were grown until early May, then covered with a black silage tarp for one month. The brassicas were planted into hay mulch while the cucurbits were planted into biodegradable plastic mulch.
Robert is particularly interested in looking at easy, on-farm testing, as well as lab analysis. They will conduct microBIOMETER® testing on each bed three times throughout the season: before planting, midseason before second planting, and at the end of the season. For the lab based analysis, they will measure nutrient levels in each bed at the beginning and at the end of the study, as well as perform the Cornell Soil Health Assessment on all four beds at the end of the study.
Emil Racelis, a 6th grader in McAllen, Texas, utilized microBIOMETER® in his science fair project at IMAS (International Museum of Art & Science) and was awarded 3rd Place in the middle school division!
As a control, Emil tested three different store bought bagged soils with microBIOMETER®; top soil, organic potting soil and commercial potting soil. The top soil had a very low levels of microbes while the organic and commercial potting soils had a high level of microbes. Emil then collected soil samples in his community garden from areas with high plant diversity (five or more species in the sample plot) and areas of low plant diversity (areas with two or less species per sample plot).
His hypothesis was that areas with higher plant diversity would have more microbes, but that is not what he found. There were low/medium levels of microbes in all the plots sampled, therefore, no solid conclusion could be made. Emil believes the results stemmed from drought conditions they were currently experiencing in Texas. The garden was watered sometimes, but not that much. Emil would like to do more microBIOMETER® soil testing in the future during a season with more rain.
“I had a lot of fun using the tests and I got some pretty cool results even though they were not what I expected. I found the process really interesting and the test easy to perform. I hope I get to use microBIOMETER® again some day.” -Emil Racelis
“Emil really got into this project, and was fascinated by what he found, which only leads to more questions! Now he really wants to do more experimenting to see what helps the soil microbes. We have a garden, and he is talking about testing the results of compost tea, and other organic additives, as well as looking at the affect of drought vs rainy season. We may have to save up for more tests! You got us hooked! It was so cool to see him using the tests independently. I love how user-friendly your system is.” – Alison, Emil’s mom
Please click here to view more science fair projects using microBIOMETER®. If you would like to include microBIOMETER® in your next school or science fair project, contact us for details!
